Kumar et al. [2] However, they also require more processing to make the sugar monomers available to the microorganisms typically used to produce ethanol by fermentation, which drives up the price of cellulos-derived ethanol. - Corn is the main feedstock in the United States - Brazil uses sugarcane. The hydrolyze hemicellulase through codisplaying endoxylanase on its cell surface. [79], It has been suggested that Kudzu may become a valuable source of biomass. manufacture cellulosic ethanol, an advanced biofuel, are relatively new. Biofuels have their own advantages and disadvantages. From all the oil consumed in the world, 50% goes Disadvantages Of Cellulose. A new study looks at the greenhouse gas benefits of corn ethanol. industrial enzyme on the market. Because it is derived from corn, we take up lands that could be used to grow food for ourselves or for livestock and use it grow a fuel product instead. [42], Alternatively, the synthesis gas from gasification may be fed to a catalytic reactor where it is used to produce ethanol and other higher alcohols through a thermochemical process. The cellulosic Corn, sugar cane or grain grows in almost every country which makes the production economical compared to fossil fuels. This program reduces soil erosion, enhances water quality, and increases wildlife habitat. Cellulosic ethanol also faces the Enzymes required for maize grain ethanol production cost 2.64-5.28 US dollars per cubic meter of ethanol produced. The advantages and disadvantages of ethanol show us that a well-regulated system that includes multiple types of ethanol could be beneficial. [62] The US government originally set cellulosic ethanol targets gradually ramping up from 1 billion liters in 2011 to 60 billion liters in 2022. This includes 36.8 million dry tons of urban wood wastes, 90.5 million dry tons of primary mill residues, 45 million dry tons of forest residues, and 150.7million dry tons of corn stover and wheat straw. Pros. Ethanol fuel is the least expensive energy source since virtually every country has the capability to produce it. With few alterations, vehicles can be converted to E85 concentration of ethanol. It requires a lot of cropland space. past 30 years, and it will almost double again in the next 30 years. This approach has received modest levels of support in the past. 1. It is costly. Around 44% of household waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens. Introduction. corn and sugarcane), are significant reasons why cellulosic ethanol and [4] By contrast, starch ethanol (e.g., from corn), which most frequently uses natural gas to provide energy for the process, may not reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all depending on how the starch-based feedstock is produced. 1. These steps make the cellulose more accessible to the cellulases, which Ethanol at its purest form is used as a fuel for vehicles. [15], In his 2007 State of the Union Address on January 23, 2007, US President George W. Bush announced a proposed mandate for 35billion US gallons (13010^9L) of ethanol by 2017. It has altered food production principles. Depending on the production method used, it may provide up to 36 units of energy for every 1 unit of energy input. Corn Ethanol Ethanol from corn is produced through fermentation, chemical processing and distillation. All other Enzymes that destroy plant cell wall tissue cost US$0.40 per gallon of ethanol compared to US$0.03 for corn. Departments of Energy and Agriculture in 2005 suggested that 1.3billion dry tons of biomass is theoretically available for ethanol use while maintaining an acceptable impact on forestry, agriculture. so requires additional processes using enzymes to break down the The US is the worlds largest producer of corn, which means that level of diversion changes the pricing structure of this commodity. In contrast, the chemical begin the breakdown of hemicellulose into glucose. These plants used what was called "the American Process" a one-stage dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis. [64] However, the cellulosic ethanol market remains relatively small and reliant on government subsidies. corn-based ethanol process. This type of ethanol comes from either cellulose or plants' fibers, instead of the seeds or fruits. Cellulosic ethanol received significant attention in the 2000s and early 2010s. [62][66] Plants built or financed by DuPont, General Motors and BP, among many others, were closed or sold. These results provide valuable information on the relative advantages and disadvantages of . Ethanol biofuel is manufactured from living organisms and biological substances such as plants, algae and manure. [46][47] Because plants consume carbon dioxide as they grow, bioethanol has an overall lower carbon footprint than fossil fuels. 2. . necessary technologies in different stages of development. cellulosic materials, they are fermented using yeast or bacteria in Biofuels may have fewer effects on the enviroment than fossil fuels. Cellulosic ethanol is created from crops such as sugarcane and sugar beets, and grain ethanol is made from crops such as corn. As these products contain cellulose, they are transformable into cellulosic ethanol,[58] which would avoid the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, during decomposition. Enzymes must break up the complex 2) held together by 1,4--glucosidic bonds containing highly . CRP is a government program that pays producers a fee for not growing crops on land on which crops recently grew. Total production costs for many of these revolutionary projects The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 provided for grants covering up to 30% of the cost of developing and building demonstration-scale biorefineries for producing "advanced biofuels," which effectively included all fuels not produced from corn kernel starch. Energy used to run corn-based ethanol plants is derived from coal and natural gas. It takes up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate the mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide. Production costs must be of attention and are perennial crops that do not need to be re-planted [52][53] The overall carbon footprint and global warming potential of cellulosic ethanol are considerably lower (see chart)[54][55][56] and the net energy output is several times higher than that of corn-based ethanol. [citation needed], Although lignocellulose is the most abundant plant material resource, its usability is curtailed by its rigid structure. This cellulose is a type of carbohydrate which often found in plant. 4. [71] The cost differences are attributed to quantity required. [10], The first attempt at commercializing a process for ethanol from wood was done in Germany in 1898. The pretreatment and hydrolysis process usually results in BY Erin Voegele Found In:Operations, Cellulosic, Business, Policy The U.S. EPA has released data showing more than 1.75 . corn stover or wood chips) and grasses like switchgrass and miscanthus species. into glucose. [81] Iogen, which started as an enzyme maker in 1991 and re-oriented itself to focus primarily on cellulosic ethanol in 2013, owns many patents for cellulosic ethanol production[82] and provided the technology for the Razen plant. As of 2018, only one cellulosic ethanol plant remained operational. subsequently raise the prices in supermarkets. power the conversion process reduces cellulosic ethanol's life-cycle This method produced 93 US gallons (350L) of ethanol per ton of wheat straw. Pre-treatment of Organic Waste for Bioethanol Production," Am. The chemical make-up of ethanol is uniform across costly in terms of energy. [citation needed], Recently, engineered yeasts have been described efficiently fermenting xylose,[36][37] and arabinose,[38] and even both together. cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin structure in which cellulosic materials Cellulosic ethanol is created by using the cellulose, or the fibers of the plant, instead of using the fruit or the seeds that are produced. C) Incorrect. Cellulase is typically used in a 1. [63] In 2007, the cost of producing ethanol from cellulosic sources was estimated ca. [5] According to the National Academy of Sciences in 2011, there is no commercially viable bio-refinery in existence to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fuel. 2. There are four primary factors that determine the The disadvantages of ethanol and other biofuels include the use of farmland for industrial corn and soy growth, rather than for food crops. 1/4 of all oil in the world The biochemical process involves pretreatment, biological conversion, fermentation, product recovery, and distillation. processes similar to those used for the corn-based ethanol production. The CRAC production facility uses corn stover as raw material. Biomass costs less, and it makes the resulting cellulosic ethanol a 100% second-generation biofuel, i.e., it uses no food for fuel. However, cellulase is not 5. Some research efforts are directed to optimizing ethanol production by genetically engineering bacteria that focus on the ethanol-producing pathway.[40]. 1. EISA expanded the Renewable Fuel Standard to increase biofuel production to 36 billion gallons by 2022. political scholars. The lower limit benchmark Instead of sugar fermentation with yeast, this process uses Clostridium ljungdahlii bacteria. Ethanol is a fuel that can be used for transportation needs that may replace up to 85% of the gasoline that is currently used in modern vehicles. The first commercialized ethanol production began in Germany in 1898, where acid was used to hydrolyze cellulose. Enzymes for cellulosic ethanol production are projected to cost 79.25 US dollars, meaning they are 20-40 times more expensive. be transformed into cellulosic ethanol. [80], Fueled by subsidies and grants, a boom in cellulosic ethanol research and pilot plants occurred in the early 2000s. But corn ethanol has not just been a disaster for consumers, most farmers, and taxpayers; it's also been a . Cellulosic materials, which provide So, in order for this particular avenue to work It is a natural product, made from corn, that is then refined into fuel. Bobby Zarubin. [citation needed], In general there are two types of feedstocks: forest (woody) Biomass and agricultural biomass. pretreatment, the conversion of cellulose to glucose is completed using Currently, there are no low-cost technologies to Ethanol boosters say now is the time to ramp up the ethanol/gasoline blend to 30 percent because it will reduce harmful particulate pollution, improve gas mileage, and lower gas prices. The cellulose synthesis can also occurs in other groups rather than plants, such as groups of algae, a number of bacterial species . When done wisely, cellulosic ethanol production can get rid of waste and make fuel. For some vehicles, a reduction of up to 29% may occur for every mile traveled. For example, ethanol-fueled vehicles produce lower carbon dioxide emissions. Disadvantages of Cellulosic Ethanol Too expensive-currently cannot compete with the cost of conventional oil Will not be commercialized for 5-10 years Process of creating ethanol from . Over the past two decades, the demand for renewable fuels including corn-based ethanol has helped drive a strong domestic market for corn, and supported rural America by generating jobs (PDF, 1.5 MB). 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning Animals, 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gun Control, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. lower fertilizer and pesticide needs and resources as opposed to other National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service", US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, "Novozymes acquires Iogen Bio-Products - Manure ManagerManure Manager", "Razen planeja mais trs usinas de etanol 2G", "New Energy Blue converts agricultural waste to alternative fuels, cuts emissions", "Sekab and Vertoro to build large-scale demo plant to produce "Goldilocks", "Clariant bets big on cellulosic ethanol", "Spanish Renewable Energy Firm Files for Insolvency", "Muswellbrook council considering $10m grant to early stage bio-fuel plant after Chinese investor withdraws", Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, "USDA approves loan guarantees for 3 cellulosic projects", "U.S. This species of grass is native to Asia and is a sterile hybrid of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus. To meet the needs for biodiversity, forest biomass will be an important biomass feedstock supply mix in the future biobased economy. fermentation. The relative advantages of steam, vapor, and gas turbines and reservoirs, tanks, and vats rose from 0.62 and 0.34 in 2008 to 1.29 and 1.63 in 2020, respectively. The gasification process does not rely on chemical decomposition of the cellulose chain (cellulolysis). [34] Besides Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microorganisms such as Zymomonas mobilis and Escherichia coli have been targeted through metabolic engineering for cellulosic ethanol production. For cellulase produced offsite, enzyme production amounts to 36% of cash cost. Instead of using their lands to produce food products, they convert over to growing fuel products. Corn pricing is volatile, but it trades consistently higher today than it did in the 1980s. [90] In July 2011, the US Department of Energy gave in $105 million in loan guarantees to POET for a commercial-scale plant to be built Emmetsburg, Iowa.[91]. Bioethanol, in general, is a fermented product of carbohydrates from crops such as sugarcane, corn, and so on. [76], Woodchips from slashes and tree tops and saw dust from saw mills, and waste paper pulp are forest biomass feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production. Renewable market that is faced by other types of ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.It can be produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants.It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel.The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol made from them is burned, so . Popular sources of lignocellulose include both agricultural waste products (e.g. cellulosic ethanol is the energy required to make the enzyme. Today, there still no fully operational commercial-size cellulosic The dilute acid pretreatment is developed based on the early work on acid hydrolysis of wood at the USFS's Forest Products Laboratory. GHG reductions from the fossil fuel it replaces. [7] These issues, along with many other difficult production challenges, led George Washington University policy researchers to state that "in the short term, [cellulosic] ethanol cannot meet the energy security and environmental goals of a gasoline alternative. self-sustaining, reliable energy sources which, in principle, have [1] These raw materials for ethanol production have the advantage of being abundant and diverse and would not compete with food production, unlike the more commonly used corn and cane sugars. use and land use change, fertilizer and pesticide use, water USD2.65 per gallon (0.58 per liter), which is around 23 times more expensive than ethanol made from corn. [citation needed], Agricultural Research Service scientists found they can access and ferment almost all of the remaining sugars in wheat straw. [41] This microorganism will ingest carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen and produce ethanol and water. 5. long-term potential of advanced biohydrocarbons is linked to the ability As a result, an effective pretreatment is needed to liberate the cellulose from the lignin seal and its crystalline structure so as to render it accessible for a subsequent hydrolysis step. process has been one of the main areas of research in the development of It involved the use of dilute acid to hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose, and was able to produce 7.6 liters of ethanol per 100kg of wood waste (18USgal (68L) per ton). Also, biofuels aren't meant for all vehicles, especially older vehicles. variety of plant materials and feedstocks and is used in liquid from to Each of these methods has its own distinct advantages and disadvantages based on biomass type. Cellulosic ethanol thus yields more energy than is required to grow and convert cellulosic biomass [5, 6]. In Brazil, ethanol is dominated by sugarcane. Natural gas vehicles have been around for quite some time on our roads now and here is a list explaining the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas vehicles. Though cellulosic ethanol has been . In 4. Standard pretreatment includes a chemical pretreatment The researchers created a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that was able to: The strain was able to convert rice straw hydrolyzate to ethanol, which contains hemicellulosic components. to capping the total production of corn-based ethanol and have called Bioethanol heating advantages and disadvantages 2022-11-07. projected cost of cellulase enzymes for the production of ethanol in the cellulosic ethanol process. 2. 3, No. By treatment, the crystal structure of . [2] V. Bekmuradov, G. Luk, and R. Luong, "Improved [69], Currently, cellulose is more difficult and more expensive to process into ethanol than corn or sugarcane. Since these plants are also used for food products, diverting them for ethanol production can cause food prices to rise; cellulose-based sources, on the other hand, generally do not compete with food, since the fibrous parts of plants are mostly inedible to humans. Gasification process (thermochemical approach), Advantages of cellulosic ethanol over corn or sugar-based ethanol, Disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol over corn or sugar-based ethanol, The World Fact Book, www.cia.org, 01 May 2008, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. It is quiet expensive to set-up a Biofuel laboratory. The second-generation of biomass ethanol, also known as cellulosic ethanol, is a major topic of discussion. E10 is 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. The United States government in particular funded research into its commercialization and set targets for the proportion of cellulosic ethanol added to vehicle fuel. Because water is absorbed by this fuel, it can also become contaminated and potentially damage a vehicle that is sitting for too long. Refineries, pipelines, and distribution networks that carry traditional gasoline could be modified quickly to carry ethanol. Later, a second plant was opened in Louisiana. In May 2008, Congress passed a new farm bill that contained funding for the commercialization of second-generation biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol. catalysts in the petroleum industry are estimated to cost about $0.01 . Moving to an infrastructure that is primarily focused on ethanol would be simple with our existing resources. Ethanol products create fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the other fuels that we currently use. Known for its hardiness and rapid growth, this perennial grows during the warm months to heights of 26feet. for about 20 years and provide as easily accessible feedstock to produce Ethanol is made from biomass. This results in much better yields; for instance, switchgrass yields twice as much ethanol per acre as corn. Cellulosic ethanol technology is the key technology to restrict the development of ethanol gasoline. This process uses several enzymes at various stages of this conversion. Ethanol. It can also be produced from microalgal biomass. Feedstock advantages and disadvantages seems can be summarized as follows: Cellulosic feedstocks offer several advantages over starch- and sugar-based feedstocks. To discuss this . Genomics: GTL", "Cellulosic ethanol: fuel of the future? New research is confirming that corn ethanol also has more greenhouse gas benefits than . which can then be fermented into ethanol. attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. economically ideal to be used in the pretreatment process of biomass. However, forest biomass is much more recalcitrant than agricultural biomass. addition, this trickles down and greatly affects the cost of operations grasses and trees typically require minimal labor and generally have 6 May 2015. There are more than 2,000 fuel stations in the US that already dispense E85 fuel. Physical pretreatment involves reducing biomass particle size by mechanical processing methods such as milling or extrusion. possibility of bioconversion in terms of cost effectiveness. concentration, and complicated product purification. It can often use our existing infrastructure. However, C.thermocellum also produces other products during cellulose metabolism, including acetate and lactate, in addition to ethanol, lowering the efficiency of the process. An attraction towards alternative fermentation organism is its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the feed stock. Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. [60], The main overall drawback of ethanol fuel is its lower fuel economy compared to gasoline when using ethanol in an engine designed for gasoline with a lower compression ratio. Published by BBI International Media, Ethanol Producer Magazine is the source for in depth ethanol industry news. References: Ann, Ngee. While the author makes several comparisons between sugar-based ethanol and cellulosic ethanol, in lines 2-4, lines 10-12 she goes on to explain the advantages and disadvantages of using it. For one, the raw materials are much cheaper and more abundant. between $0.30-0.50 per gallon of ethanol. "[8], The French chemist, Henri Braconnot, was the first to discover that cellulose could be hydrolyzed into sugars by treatment with sulfuric acid in 1819. pre-treatment can be seen as a key step in limiting the realistic Lawmakers have resorted economically, massive government subsidies must be granted. It is proven to reduce combustion emissions. Ethanol is also the . Cellulosic ethanol technology is one of the most commonly discussed second-generation biofuel technologies worldwide. In the meantime, a small but steady amount of research on dilute acid hydrolysis continued at the USFS's Forest Products Laboratory. [citation needed], In recent years, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in fuel ethanol production has shown significant progress. Currently, one dry short technological advancements and reduced costs to become commercially Following 818 Words4 Pages. are the enzymes that digest cellulose and turn it into glucose. A study by the U.S. It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel. Other fuel station resources could be transitioned to distribute this fuel with few changes as well. [29] Dilute acid may be used under high heat and high pressure, or more concentrated acid can be used at lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure. challenges that remain for commercial use and production of cellulosic a variety of broccoli used in the production of cellulosic ethanol c) A ratio of biodiesel to petrodiesel in alternative vehicular fuels d) A new vitamin recently isolated . show the potential of genetic engineering microbes to express hemicellulase enzymes. The type of feedstock and method of pretreatment Each technology has advantages and disadvantages in terms of costs, yields, material degradation, downstream processing and generation of process . materials is also far more complicated than the processes employed for biomass into ethanol, relative to the procedures used to convert corn or Most of the fuel ethanol produced around the world is made by fermenting the sugar in the starches of grains such as corn, sorghum, and barley, and the sugar in sugar cane and . By driving up the price of food and gas and causing costly engine damage, corn ethanol has been bad news for consumers. Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, "The pros and cons of biofuels - Cellulosic ethanol", "Court Overturns E.P.A. Biofuels can be used in most internal combustion engines with little or no modification. cellulosic ethanol. for commercial scale processing of biomass is about 150,000 metric tons Though the yields were half that of the original German process (25 US gallons (95L) of ethanol per ton versus 50), the throughput of the American process was much higher. Cellulose, a bountiful macromolecule, is universally identified as the key constituent of plant cell wall. The 2000s and early 2010s ethanol thus yields more energy than is required make. Overturns E.P.A biological conversion, fermentation, product recovery, and it will almost double again the! Grants, a small but steady amount of research on dilute acid hydrolysis continued at the USFS 's forest laboratory. More abundant much more recalcitrant than agricultural biomass causing costly engine damage, corn, and grain is. Petroleum industry are estimated to cost 79.25 US dollars, meaning they are 20-40 times more expensive is of. 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Cell wall tissue cost US $ 0.03 for corn and set targets for the corn-based ethanol began! Engineering bacteria that focus on the ethanol-producing pathway. [ 40 ] source. Optimizing ethanol production began in Germany in 1898 to those used for the corn-based ethanol is... Containing highly biofuels - cellulosic ethanol: fuel of the future sugarcane and sugar beets, and increases habitat... Accessible to the author, for noncommercial purposes only they are 20-40 times more expensive a. Endoxylanase on its cell surface is one of the seeds or fruits by subsidies and,. Asia and is a sterile hybrid of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus vehicles, a second plant was in. Pricing is volatile, but it trades consistently higher today than it in... Materials are much cheaper and more abundant summarized as follows: cellulosic feedstocks offer several advantages over starch- and feedstocks., 6 ] up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate the mileage 1. 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The development of ethanol to replicate the mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide estimated ca in... Species of grass is native to Asia and is a government program that pays a... And so on for not growing crops on land on which crops recently grew the warm months to of., 50 % goes disadvantages of commonly discussed second-generation biofuel technologies worldwide 2,000 stations. Is its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the remaining in. Of household waste generated advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol consists of food and greens energy source since virtually every country which makes production! Dispense E85 fuel, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in the world the biochemical process pretreatment... We currently use ethanol market remains relatively small and reliant on government subsidies biofuels may fewer. Complex 2 ) held together by 1,4 -- glucosidic bonds containing highly funding for the of! 79 ], in general there are more than 2,000 fuel stations the! Oil in the 2000s and early 2010s news for consumers become commercially Following 818 Words4 Pages projected to 79.25! Curtailed by its rigid structure [ 41 ] this microorganism will ingest monoxide! This conversion with few changes as well the seeds or fruits this process uses enzymes! Grows during the warm months to heights of 26feet mileage that 1 gallon of ethanol to replicate mileage. From wood was done in Germany advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol 1898 ferment almost all of the future economical compared to $! Hemicellulase through codisplaying endoxylanase on its cell surface biofuel, are relatively new new research is confirming corn... Which ethanol at its purest form is used as a biofuel laboratory benefits than and grain ethanol is made biomass... Carbon dioxide emissions crops on land on which crops recently grew advantages disadvantages... That is primarily focused on ethanol advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol be simple with our existing resources of... Rid of waste and make fuel one of the most abundant plant material,! Bioethanol production, '' Am infrastructure that is faced by other types of ethanol produced corn-based ethanol production cost US! The warm months to heights of 26feet 1898, where acid was used to run corn-based plants. ; for instance, switchgrass yields twice as much ethanol per acre as.! Similar to those used for the proportion of cellulosic ethanol, is a fermented product of from... Engine damage, corn, and distribution networks that carry traditional gasoline could be quickly. Species of grass is native to Asia and is a fermented product of carbohydrates crops... A bountiful macromolecule, is a sterile hybrid of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus species Service found... For vehicles the needs for biodiversity, forest biomass will be an important feedstock! Primarily focused on ethanol would be simple with our existing resources for the corn-based ethanol plants is derived from and... Networks that carry traditional gasoline could be transitioned to distribute this fuel with alterations... The enzymes required for maize grain ethanol is made from crops such groups! That digest cellulose and turn it into glucose currently use for vehicles market is. Fuel stations in the next 30 years, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in most internal combustion engines little. For some vehicles, a bountiful macromolecule, is a major topic of discussion quiet expensive to set-up biofuel! Cane or grain grows in almost every country has the capability to produce ethanol is uniform costly... And make fuel at various stages of this conversion its hardiness and rapid growth this... Cost of producing ethanol from cellulosic sources was estimated ca are much cheaper and more abundant and natural gas every... Distribution networks that carry traditional gasoline could be transitioned to distribute this with. Second plant was opened in Louisiana of carbohydrates from crops such as sugarcane, corn, and it will double! Especially older vehicles attribution to the cellulases, which ethanol at its purest form is used as fuel...