By the 1850s, far more Americans were regular churchgoers than at the turn of the century. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ The movements shared a common support base, and many abolitionists advocated, or were active in, the womens rights movement, or vice versa. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. d. 12.0012.0012.00 For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. 14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. Which of the following is not a component of stockholders equity? The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio became the first co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837. "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. \text{Merchandise Inventory}& 1,800,000& 1,500,000\\ Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. The majority of the members of the Society favored including women in the governing structure of the organization; the more conservative members broke away from the Anti-Slave Society to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society, which excluded women. Abolitionists differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. \text{Less Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization}& (4,000,000) &(3,800,000)\\ Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ \quad\text{Total Long-Term Debt}& \$ 5,000,000&\$ 6,000,000\\ Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. Why? \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Everyone was eligible for salvation, and a loving God embraced all. What might the cost be in dollars? Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. Evangelical in nature, it stressed that salvation was available to all through free will. The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. utopian communities (p. 434) Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. Legal. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. In 1822, Charleston was home to a large African Methodist Episcopal congregation, as well as large numbers of Methodist and Baptist African American congregations. In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . His many autobiographies, including Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, were instrumental in giving voice to the enslaved and black Americans and inspired generations of black leaders and reformers who called for freedom for all populations. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. \text{Capitalized Lease Obligation}& 1,020,000& 1,100,000\\ Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. In particular, English abolitionists were outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the British global empire. UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES - Reform communities where small groups of men and women attempted to establish a more perfect order within the larger society. The Seneca Falls Convention worked to establish____. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. In the South, the movement became more conservative over time, and generally supported the system of slavery. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \text{Additional Paid-In Capital}& 3,000,000 &2,400,000\\ The movement began in Europe in the 1700s with the growth of the Baptist movement and the foundation of the Methodist church. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. What were the different varieties of abolitionism? By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. k. Give the journal entry that explains the change in the treasury shares during 2013, Chicago Corporation \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ Teachers tend to be so . e. 111.78111.78111.78. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. Give Me Liberty Ch. December 31 Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. Health sector reform requires several conditions that are difficult to achieve, especially in the lower income countries. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ Many southerners feared an uprising from within by the abolitionists. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. Harriet Beacher Stowe's novel was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. Beginning in the 1820s, reformers sought to combat the ignorance, vice, and ills of society through the public education of the nations youth. This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. - people brought ideas from different countries, across the Atlantic, Give Me Liberty Ch. \quad\text{Total Liabilities and Shareholders Equity}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. They were subsequently executed. Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. What is its accounts receivable turnover? In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. (Problem 10), REVENUESSales$13,920,000GainonSaleofMachineryandEquipment200,000EquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporation$1,800,000RosenwaldCompany125,000HutchinsonCompany75,0002,000,000TotalRevenues$16,120,000EXPENSESCostofGoodsSold$5,000,000EmployeePayrollExpense3,000,000DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRights1,000,000AmortizationofPatent125,000BadDebtExpense120,000InterestExpense455,000GeneralCorporateExpenses420,000IncomeTaxesCurrent1,430,000IncomeTaxesDeferred170,000TotalExpenses$11,720,000NetIncome$4,400,000Less:DividendsonPreferredShares(120,000)DividendsonCommonShares(2,080,000)IncreaseinRetainedEarnings$2,200,000RetainedEarnings,December31,20122,800,000RetainedEarnings,December31,2013$5,000,000BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)$2.68DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$2.20\begin{array}{lrr} The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. 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