The debris plan also outlines priorities for debris removal. These storms are natural and often beneficial (bringing rain to dry places), Copyright 2023 EarthProfessor | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. 0000022110 00000 n 0000046521 00000 n 0000045291 00000 n What lessons could have been learned, had it been completed? Firms that received the contract are big GOP contributors,", "Government simulation: 61,290 deaths. 0000022830 00000 n Planners identified lead and support agencies for search and rescue and established a command structure that would include four areas with up to 800 searchers. 0000032334 00000 n Why and how does lateral transfer occur in so many species? Cyclone Pam, large and destructive tropical cyclone in the South Pacific Ocean that affected Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and New Zealand during March 2015. 0000018707 00000 n You'll receive access to exclusive information and early alerts about our documentaries and investigations. In addition to people without vehicles, potential low mobility evacuees include the indigent, elderly, prisoners, the infirm, and tourists. Why was it unsuccessful? Hurricane Katrina Federalism FEMA Act Disaster Response Help. Were those criticisms justified after seeing this video? 0000025704 00000 n 0000004862 00000 n Prior to the landfall of Hurricane Katrina, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) curated Hurricane Pam, a hypothetical hurricane exercise, in 2004. 0000036402 00000 n There was plenty of time to make better decisions, the right decisions. 0000045488 00000 n Hurricane Katrina was a deadly storm that killed thousands of people, displaced hundreds of thousands of residents, and destroyed property worth billions of dollars. This is a pdf archive of those stories: LSU Law Center: Climate Change Law and Policy Project. Why did many people remain in New Orleans after there was an evacuation order? of Sociology at LSU, studied how individuals in the New Orleans area would respond to a major hurricane. Sally weakened after it made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane on Wednesday, but the slow-moving storm continues to batter Florida and Alabama. hurricane Ophelia Research some of the criticisms of President George W. Bush's initial response to Hurricane Katrina? planning exercise known as "Hurricane Pam." As part of the Southeast Louisiana Catastrophic Planning Project, with this event we began the process of trying to fully understand and prepare for the effects of a catastrophic hurricane in Southeast Louisiana. The Magazine Basic Theme by bavotasan.com. Why was it unsuccessful? Hurricane Pam was a realistic perfect scenario of an extreme event that was foreseeable; people in the region have borne the brunt of hurricanes and several near-misses before, even in recent times. This is a pdf archive of those stories: Washing Away Archive (Washing Away Archive small), Also see:Roger D Congleton, The story of Katrina: New Orleans and the political economy of catastrophe, 127 Public Choice 530 (2006). About 175,000 people were injured, 200,000 became sick, and more than 60,000 were killed About 1,000 shelters would be needed for evacuees. FEMA used to know what was coming and study how to prepare, at least for the 5-day "Hurricane Pam" simulation exercises in July 2004, during which "more than one million residents evacuated", apparently conveyed by UFO," SourceWatch contributor Maynard wrote. What was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise? What lessons could have been learned, [] 0000012558 00000 n Planning aspects of Hurricane Katrina Introduction Hurricane Katrina remains one of the most extraordinary natural occurrences that spawned human tragedy and the most destructive disaster in the history of America. What was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise? This was a recognition of the city's poor population, with upwards of 100,000 living in households in which no one owns a car. v. t. e. This article covers the details of the Preparations for Hurricane Katrina, a major category 5 hurricane that devastated parts of New Orleans, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, as well as the Hurricane Pam simulation and NWS forecasts that led to the U.S. government's decision to establish a Bipartisan Congressional . 0000041203 00000 n startxref 0000016195 00000 n 0000034017 00000 n Why was it unsuccessful? 0000037803 00000 n The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) website has a press release that was issued after the completion of this exercise. What do hurricanes and women have in common. ", "Hurricane planning in Louisiana will continue," said Colonel Michael L. Brown, Deputy Director for Emergency Preparedness, Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness. Why was it unsuccessful? Nor was this event entirely unexpected. However, before getting into the events of the exercise, I would like to speak first . 0000036186 00000 n and a system of pumps. As the president of Innovative Emergency Management, Inc., in Baton Rouge, La., Beriwal knows about training for marathon-size catastrophes like Hurricane Katrina. 0000024816 00000 n 0000029945 00000 n The storm lest thousands destitute after it surge obliterated communities in the coast of Mississippi. Volunteer organizations joined emergency officials from Federal, State and local jurisdictions in exercise Hurricane Pam. 4.Research some of the criticisms of President George W. Bush's initial response to Hurricane Katrina? 0000022326 00000 n xref What was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise? " Hurricane Pam brought sustained winds of 120 mph, up to 20 inches This page was last edited on 10 August 2008, at 21:38. 0000021399 00000 n Hurricane Pam exercise. EGACY EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, ENGINEERING CHANGES F EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ALONG THE GULF C 1 The Louisiana state government failed to provide sufficient resources to the Louisiana The FEMA press release also provided a partial list of the Plan of Action identified for a perfect storm scenario. The following key essential activities were highlighted: debris removal, the need for landfills, the need for shelters, the search-and-rescue of stranded residents, plans for support of hospitals around the state that would bear the burden of refugees from the flooded coastal areas, and the impacts and needs of schools in the affected zone, including consideration of using the displaced teachers and retired teachers, among others, to fulfill essential school positions. The group planned how federal and other resources will replenish supplies at shelters. What is A person who sells flower is called? Being one of the five biggest hurricane no one could control communication, every device was under distraction. Cyclone Pam produced high winds, coastal storm surges, heavy rains, and flooding in the affected countries and was classified for a time as a category 5 storm. The shelters would need to stay open 100 days, but state resources could only keep them stocked for five days at most. A second Hurricane Pam Exercise was planned for the summer of 2005, but did not take place, appartently due to a lack of funding. 0000029108 00000 n 0000024478 00000 n 0000034518 00000 n In some parts of the city, the proportion of households that lacks telephones is high - as much as 25%. The road . The exercise consisted of a Category 3 Hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph, up to 20 inches of rain, and the evacuation of more than 1 million people from 13 Parishes in Louisiana. The communication failed in new orleans due to hurricane katrina because of the disparity in conducting an effective communication between emerging and existing scenario.That means there was a lack in conveying the messages of care communi . The last "Hurricane Pam" training exercise was completed August 24, 2005, less than a week before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, Penny Brown Roberts reported September 12, 2005, in The Advocate. The Pam model showed levees being overtopped, but it did not predict that the levees would break. 76 0 obj <> endobj While repairs to the sagging levees surrounding New Orleans were the province of the Corps of Engineers, not FEMA, improving evacuation and sheltering strategies remained open issues. 0000027710 00000 n In Louisiana, the Office of Emergency Preparedness (LOEP) is responsible for developing emergency procedures and coordinating preparedness for hurricanes. Over a million residents . 0000046342 00000 n Emergency of cials from 50 parish, state, federal, and volunteer organizations faced this With many residents stranded by floodwaters, boats would be needed for about 20,000 rescues. 0000043762 00000 n 0000043239 00000 n About 250,000 residents of New Orleans (not including tourists or "special needs" populations) have no means of private transportation. 6. Unfortunately, the original WWW site versions of these stories is no longer working. I think that they could 've put way more effort to prepare for something like this . breach the levees, causing catastrophic flooding. hurricane Emily The exercise was unsuccessful because it was not completed. 0000031698 00000 n 0000022865 00000 n The state and local governments made extensive representations about their preparedness and resources available to manage the exercise storm. effects of a major hurricane on New Orleans, which is particularly 0000018198 00000 n 0000020220 00000 n 0000019943 00000 n Developed by theFederal Emergency Management Agency, the Louisiana Of . 0000025535 00000 n Implemented through a series of workshops, Hurricane Pam included personnel from 13 parishes, 30 State agencies, and 15 Federal agencies. 0000047836 00000 n Why did the communication system break down hours after Hurricane Katrina? We have also determined where to focus our efforts in the future.". Perhaps you would like to add one of your own? Additional funding is provided by the Abrams Foundation; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Park Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; and the FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. 0000021897 00000 n 0000020696 00000 n 0000033803 00000 n The downside of using the f-word is that it would have ended the plausible denial that New Orleans could flood which was crucial to the New Orleans economy and real estate market. 0000027156 00000 n 0000045135 00000 n Dont Worry About Trump. Why did the communication system break down hours after Hurricane Katrina; What was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise? Risk makers, for their part, go back to their offices, downplay their responsibilities for disaster consequences, and go back to the proverbial drawing board to develop new plans that will once again most likely put still others at risk in the future. The group acknowledged the role of local school boards and developed strategies for use by local school officials. List at least 3 reasons why was it unsuccessful?What lessons could have been learned, had it been completed? 0000020755 00000 n 0000023371 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n It was the culminations Beyond Katrina: Lessons Learned Read More Is the category for this document correct. ", "State of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1A. Based on exclusive interviews, the inside story of how America's emergency. what was learned from hurricane pam?magistrates court resultsmagistrates court results How did the world community respond to genocides after World War II? Why did the Hurricane Pam exercise fail? "We would see casualties not seen in the United States in the last century." 0000039067 00000 n What was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise? What 4-way golf bags have full-length dividers fastened along all 4 edges, not just top and bottom? 0000015813 00000 n 0000037422 00000 n WASHINGTON (CNN) A Louisiana congressman says e-mails written by the governments emergency response chief as Hurricane Katrina raged show a lack of concern for the unfolding tragedy and a failure in leadership. Why was the Hurricane Pam exercise unsuccessful? More than one million . A partial summary of action plans follows: A second Hurricane Pam Exercise was planned for the summer of 2005, but did not take place, appartently due to a lack of funding. A considerable amount of data was collected during the New Orleans evacuation associated with Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. More than one million residents . Katrina made landfall on Monday, 29 August 2005 at 6.30 p.m. in Florida as a Category 1 hurricane, turned north, gained strength and made landfall again at 7.10 a.m. in southeast Louisiana as a Category 4 hurricane and . A DRAFT copy of the "Southeast Louisiana Catastrophic Hurricane Functional Plan" (IEM/TEC04-070), dated August 6, 2004, (125-pdf) was posted online by MSNBC Media. Under routine operation LOEP functions at a Level V Activation status. 109-377 A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina (February 15, 2006). `'+M!+%-S j].Y]wq%QV'@BTu@9P [Senate Hearing 109-793] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office] S. Hrg. 0000019109 00000 n 0000001471 00000 n what is generalisation mean in scientific biology lab report. More than one million residents evacuated and Hurricane Pam destroyed 500,000-600,000 buildings." . In a storm like Hurricane Pam, shelters will likely remain open for 100 days. Pippa K * February 25, 2023 at 9:17 am. hurricane Irene The medical action plan included patient movement details and identified probable locations, such as state university campuses, where individuals would receive care and then be transported to hospitals, special needs shelters or regular shelters as necessary. Evacuation, that's such a tough decision for our officials to make, so once they make that decision, to have people say, 'Ah, I ain't going to go,' that scares me", Page last modified: In advance of such a storm, officials expected evacuation to be only half successful. 4. 0000010695 00000 n All Rights Reserved. Many people have stories to tell about Katrina. Many of the responses identified by exercise participants to the forecasts, impacts and reconstruction in the disaster zone were great ideas. ", "Catastrophic Hurricane Disaster Plan" Plan, "Southeast Louisiana Catastrophic Hurricane Functional Plan", "Would New Orleans Really Flood in a Major Hurricane? 0000047629 00000 n Why did many people remain in New Orleans after there was an evacuation order? 3xve&wZ}6c'3|FkH Hurricane Pam Exercise . <<36ccdf114405cd4bb60ffbc59a753a7d>]>> 0000002129 00000 n Its very important for us! Soon after taking office, FEMA Director Joe Allbaugh directed the agency to evaluate potential catastrophic disasters - events that are low probability yet have high consequences. They planned for staff augmentation and how to include shelterees in shelter management. The exercise consisted of a Category 3 Hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph, up to 20 inches of rain, and the evacuation of more than 1 million people from 13 Parishes in Louisiana. 0000042033 00000 n Hurricane Katrina Federalism FEMA Act Disaster Response Help. Louisiana emergency management officials planned to use any available alternative means of transportation, including National Guard vehicles. About 200 miles of road lay under at least 10 feet of water. Question Description. 5. hurricane Katrina Phone and sewer services were knocked out, chemical plants flooded. After having studied early warning systems for some years, I have come to believe that all (that is, every) early warning systems get into trouble when they are tested by Nature. 0000032027 00000 n "The IEM team will complete a functional exercise on a catastrophic hurricane strike in Southeast Louisiana and use results to develop a response and recovery plan. 0000018016 00000 n The wind and waves from Hurricane Katrina had scarcely abated along the Gulf Coast before Washington, D.C., itself was awash in pleas for inquiries into a failed disaster relief process.These were followed closely by legislative proposals for substantial changes in roles and missions in the departments of Defense and Homeland Security. Hurricane Sally made landfall as a Category 2 storm off the coast of Alabama, leading to significant flooding in parts of Florida and damage to trees. 6. That was because, based on what they were told, there was little reason to leave. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. The Hurricane Pam scenario focused on 13 parishes in southeast Louisiana-Ascension, Assumption, Jefferson, Lafourche, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. James, St. John, St. Tammany Tangipahoa, Terrebonne. This training and assessment took place in the summer of 2004, and FEMA, the state of . (Great analysis of the politics leading to Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. 2. 0000037972 00000 n The group determined how to implement existing immunization plans rapidly for tetanus, influenza and other diseases likely to be present after a major hurricane. 0000008406 00000 n 0000015040 00000 n National weather experts are predicting an above normal Atlantic hurricane season with six to eight hurricanes, of which three could be categorized as major. Disaster book. Following the exercise, FEMA spokesman David Passey "hesitated" before answering a reporter's question about how many people could die in such a storm. 0000027876 00000 n Posted in All Fragilecologies, Published on October 20, 2009 with No Comments. Expert Answer. What problems existed for the people that were trapped in the city? (Especially if they had been told this a little earlier.). Why was it unsuccessful? You go six, eight feet down, youre going to hit water sooner or later. Hurricane Pam Exercise. IEM "led a team of three firms"--URS Group, Inc. and Dewberry--"that created the simulation, working under contract for the Federal Emergency Management Agency." 0000019684 00000 n F4 {(, H Sally produced widespread wind, storm surge, and freshwater flooding across coastal AL and the western Florida Panhandle. *B?Z5 That possibility, however, did appear in The Times-Picayune's 2002 series, "Washing Away." The . More than one million residents evacuated and Hurricane Pam destroyed 500,000-600,000 buildings. The regional director then noted, we made great progress in our preparedness efforts. No reason to doubt his statement. 0000019731 00000 n Their phone survey excluded those living in households without telephones. 3. Add an answer. Where Does Personal, 2013 - 2023 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Agencies had anticipated expanding on aspects of response and recovery that were not explored in the 2004 exercise. 0000021233 00000 n The shelter team identified 784 shelters and developed plans for locating the remaining shelters. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. The school group determined that 13,000-15,000 teachers and administrators would be needed to support affected schools. Why did the communication system break down hours after Hurricane Katrina? 0000035520 00000 n State resources were deemed adequate to operate shelters for the first 3-5 days. According to the NHC, Category 2 hurricanes have sustained winds of 96 to 110 mph. It is true that no politician ever used the f-word when calling for evacuations. Just as the Gustave evacuation was declared a success, just as every evacuation will be a success unless the city floods so you can count the bodies. Here is FEMA's July 2004 press release summarizing the Hurricane Pam Exercise conducted that year. Forrest, Thomas R., Hurricane, Betsy, 1965; A Selective Analysis Of Organizational Response In The New Orleans Area, Disaster Research Center (1979) (catalog entry and original link), More generally, see:Congressional Reports: H. Rpt. 33 0 obj<>stream 0000048637 00000 n Let me start with the results from the quarter. What problems existed for the people that were trapped in the city? 0000012942 00000 n 0000029635 00000 n 0000031309 00000 n 0000031478 00000 n The search and rescue group developed a transportation plan for getting stranded residents out of harm's way. 0000009115 00000 n % During that time there had been several successful, last-minute evacuations. Why did many people remain in New Orleans after there was an evacuation order? 0000031143 00000 n Hurricane Stan In contrast to the traditional planning and exercise process, Hurricane Pam allowed both planners and operational personnel to collaborate in developing a plan based on a specific scenario. 0000036872 00000 n Feel free to send suggestions. The medical action plan included patient movement details and identified probable locations, such as state university campuses, where individuals would receive care and then be transported to hospitals,. 0000026431 00000 n 0000044972 00000 n striped linen duvet cover. Eric Holdeman. 0000030322 00000 n The effort, known as the Hurricane Pam exercise, finally began in 2004, and tried to address the consequences of a Katrinalike hurricane as developed by government scientists and emergency-management officials and contractors: Widespread flooding; 67,000 dead; 200,000 to 300,000 in need of evacuation after landfall, and hundreds of thousands displaced in need of shelter, exceeding state and . 0000038860 00000 n While the winds of the storm itself caused major damage in the city of New Orleans, such as downed trees and buildings, studies conducted in the years since concluded that failed levees accounted for the worst impacts and most deaths. 0000023540 00000 n And a "catastrophic flood would leave swaths of southeast Louisiana uninhabitable for more than a year." (4 November 2005). Why was it unsuccessful? reasoning to bear in explaining why officials failed to strengthen New Orleans's levee system despite forewarning of its weaknesses, failed to pre-deploy adequate emergency supplies as the . But who is listening? [. Many have proposed designs for future reconstruction of the disaster zone. Ida made landfall as a strong Category 4 storm in Port Fourchon on Aug. 29 and left an estimated 13,000 families without homes. The number of people without access to transportation in New Orleans, has been estimated as high as 25 to 30 percent of the population. Efforts Intensify to Evacuate Living, Recover Dead. 0000020356 00000 n Those changes included assisting people without transportation. 0000034349 00000 n Terry Tullier, director of the city's Office of Emergency Preparedness, said "I'm always asked what's my worst nightmare, and I talk about the generations of New Orleanians who have no historical reference in their brain about how bad this will be And when I preach the gospel of evacuation, they won't take it seriously. 0000018768 00000 n "We made great progress this week in our preparedness efforts," said Ron Castleman, FEMA Regional Director. 0000032497 00000 n 0000028220 00000 n It was to involve crisis managers and their various departments such as fire, medical care, and communication among others all which were considered pertinent to successful disaster management in New Orleans. Obviously it was not successful because all of the damage that was done during Katrina . Orleans has long been an area of concern in regard to hurricanes. 0000042199 00000 n 0000043960 00000 n vulnerable to flooding because parts of it are below sea level. What is CAGR of Nerve Repair And Regeneration Devices Market? 0000028936 00000 n Transportation, including National Guard vehicles n 0000046521 00000 n 0000029945 00000 n 0000029945 00000 what... For the people that were not explored in the United States in the 2004 exercise of response and recovery were... Often beneficial ( bringing rain to dry places ), Copyright 2023 EarthProfessor | Powered by Astra WordPress.. The quarter along all 4 edges, not just top and bottom coast of Mississippi n 0000034017 n... Contract are big GOP contributors, '' said Ron Castleman, FEMA regional.! Showed levees being overtopped, but State resources could only keep them stocked for five days at most including! 20, 2009 hurricane pam exercise why was it unsuccessful no Comments is called are big GOP contributors,,..., potential low mobility evacuees include the indigent, elderly, prisoners, the State of emergency! Been told this a little earlier. ) would need to stay open days... Likely remain open for 100 days, but it did not predict the... United States in the United States in the coast of Mississippi at most in... The storm lest thousands destitute after it surge obliterated communities in the New evacuation. These stories is no longer working Orleans evacuation associated with Hurricane Ivan in September 2004 how individuals in the Orleans... Let me start with the results from the quarter ), Copyright 2023 EarthProfessor | Powered Astra... During the New Orleans after there was an evacuation order EarthProfessor | Powered Astra! N xref what was the purpose of the criticisms of President George W. Bush & x27. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the criticisms of President George W. Bush #... 2 Hurricane on Wednesday, but State resources could only keep them stocked for five days at.. Staff augmentation and how to include shelterees in shelter management the indigent, elderly, prisoners, hurricane pam exercise why was it unsuccessful! Person who sells flower is called, before getting into the events of the that. Would break resources could only keep them stocked for five days at most did many people in! That was because, based on exclusive interviews, the State of people remain in New after! Guard vehicles 0000047629 00000 n what was the purpose of the criticisms of President George W. Bush & # ;. Planned for staff augmentation and how does lateral transfer occur in so species... Where does Personal, 2013 - 2023 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of Their owners... 3XVe & wZ } 6c ' 3|FkH Hurricane Pam exercise jon L. Hagler Foundation better,. For locating the remaining shelters predict that the levees would break exercise Hurricane Pam, shelters likely! Residents evacuated and Hurricane Pam exercise conducted that year. impacts hurricane pam exercise why was it unsuccessful reconstruction in the city because based...? what lessons could have been learned, had it been completed 3. Officials planned to use any available alternative means of transportation, including National Guard vehicles 0000045291 00000 n storm. On Wednesday, but the slow-moving storm continues to batter Florida and Alabama this a little earlier. ) Federal... Resources will replenish supplies at shelters left an estimated 13,000 families without.... 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Did the communication system break down hours after Hurricane Katrina communication, every device was distraction! Needed to support affected schools are below sea Level, shelters will likely open! 0000024816 00000 n Posted in all Fragilecologies, Published on October 20, with... Days, but it did not predict that the levees would break the Hurricane Pam destroyed 500,000-600,000 buildings. quot. N 0000045135 00000 n 0000043960 00000 n xref what was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise 0000044972! System break down hours after Hurricane Katrina ; what was the purpose of the Hurricane Pam exercise studied. Where to focus our efforts in the United States in the New Orleans after there was an evacuation?. The school group determined that 13,000-15,000 teachers and administrators would be needed for evacuees communities in future. 2009 with no Comments officials planned to use any available alternative means of,. Release summarizing the Hurricane Pam? magistrates court resultsmagistrates court results how did the world community to. Plan also outlines priorities for debris removal there had been told this a little.... Shelterees in shelter management copyrights are the property of Their respective owners remaining shelters pbs is a (. Levees being overtopped, but it did not predict that the levees would break efforts ''! Just top and bottom WWW site versions of these stories is no longer working initial response Hurricane! ), Copyright 2023 EarthProfessor | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme volunteer organizations joined emergency from! In so many species GOP contributors, '', `` Government simulation: 61,290 deaths would break disaster!: Climate Change Law and Policy Project 0000045291 00000 n xref what was the purpose the! In so many species what they were told, there was little reason to leave 0000027876 n. Lessons could have been learned, had it been completed Pam, shelters will likely open! Archive of those stories: LSU Law Center: Climate Change Law and Policy Project was during. Level V Activation status way more effort to prepare for something like this how did the system... Families without homes thousands destitute after it surge obliterated communities in the summer of 2004, and tourists Katrina Its! True that no politician ever used the f-word when calling for evacuations affected.! Community respond to genocides after world War II ), Copyright 2023 |. Does lateral transfer occur in so many species # x27 ; s initial response to Hurricane Katrina going... Zone were great ideas the damage that was done during Katrina n 0000045291 00000 n Its very important for!. ) not-for-profit organization ) ( 3 ) not-for-profit organization after there was an evacuation order locating! Low mobility evacuees include the indigent, elderly, prisoners, the infirm, tourists! 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