100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht pogrom. The Columbia guide to the Holocaust By Donald L. Niewyk. A book was later found that hinted at plans from Hitler to extend the atrocity into North America. that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. [52], Thousands of Spanish Republican refugees were living in France at the time of its occupation by Nazi Germany in 1940; 15,000 were detained in concentration camps, including 7,000 in Mauthausen-Gusen. Violence towards these groups grew as further rules were enforced upon them, before the Night of the Broken Glass - Kristallnacht - saw attacks take place over an evening in November 1938. Perhaps not surprisingly, it is also this number - six million - that Holocaust deniers aim at when trying to discredit the essential nature of the Holocaust. The Soviet-occupied zone of Poland fell into German hands following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Aside from how many Jewish victims there were, they were asked when it took place, how Adolf Hitler came to lead Germany and what Auschwitz was. Der "Generalplan Ost." Rosenberg, Jennifer. )", 'Chronicles of Terror' testimony database, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_victims&oldid=1140676381, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p661, Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR" (, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 05:57. About six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who perished were. The Catholic Church was persecuted under the Third Reich,[76] with the Nazi leadership hoping to gradually de-Christianize Germany. The Nazi Holocaust may have claimed up to 20 million lives, a figure far greater than previous estimates, new research has revealed. Barr said many of her relatives were killed in the Holocaust, with her grandfather leaving Poland for Palestine in 1933 before bringing his family to the United States nine years later. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. "History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary." Two masters cannot exist side by side, and this is why all members of the Polish intelligentsia must be killed. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. [100] According to Richard J. Evans, in the Reichsgau Wartheland "numerous clergy, monks, diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested, deported to the General Government, taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich, or simply shot. [95] One Catholic abducted in this manner was nun Edith Stein, who was murdered at Auschwitz along with Poland's Maximilian Kolbe. Their use must not tarnish the good reputation of the victims of KL Auschwitz. Intelligentsia, socially prominent, and influential people were primarily targeted, although ethnic Poles and other Slavic groups were also killed en masse. On rare occasions, POWs from Western Allied armies were sent to concentration camps, including 350 Americans some chosen for being Jewish, but mostly for looking Jewish or for being troublemakers or otherwise 'undesirable'. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, February 4, 2019, Washington, DC. . The estimates of today might rise or fall as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of events. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. The invasion of Poland in 1939 began the devastation that has since come to be known, with more than 42,000 camps and detention sites being set up. The SS and police conducted mass actions against civilians with alleged links to resistance movements, their families, and villages or city districts. These laws were aimed at excluding Jews and other minority groups from society, including segregation. "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust." SpringerLink Humanities, Social Science & LawAuthor. [78] He also wrote that Hitler "inveighed against political Catholicism in Mein Kampf and attacked both of the Christian Churches for their failure to recognise the racial problem". Dawidowicz, Lucy S. "The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945." 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. During Operation Barbarossa (the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union), millions of Red Army prisoners of war were summarily executed in the field by German armies (the Waffen SS in particular), died under inhumane conditions in German prisoner of war camps, on death marches, or had been shipped to concentration camps for execution. About 66% of European Jews were killed during the Holocaust, and the Jewish population for the entire world has still not recovered to pre-war levels. Between 1941 and 1945, around two thirds of the population of European Jews were systematically murdered by Nazi Germany and its collaborators in all German-occupied Europe. Almost half of the people polled could not name a single concentration camp. In his political testament Hitler wrote: I have never regarded the Chinese or the Japanese as being inferior to ourselves. In the largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of Jews died due. The losses occurred within the 19461991 borders of the USSR, and include territories annexed in 193940. The Slavs were one of the most widely persecuted groups during the war, with many Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Serbs and others killed by the Nazis. [94] When Archbishop Johannes de Jong refused to yield to Nazi threats, the Gestapo rounded up Catholic "Jews" and sent 92 to Auschwitz. Russians, Belarusians,[17] Poles, Ukrainians and Serbs), Romanis (gypsies), homosexual men;[a][18] the mentally or physically disabled, mentally ill;[b] Soviet POWs, Roman Catholics, Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Spanish Republicans, Freemasons,[c] Black Europeans (especially the Afro-German Mischlinge, called "Rhineland Bastards" by Hitler and the Nazi regime), and other minorities not considered Aryan (Herrenvolk, or part of the "master race");[d] leftists, communists, trade unionists, capitalists, social democrats, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents who disagreed with the Nazi regime. These are the numbers according to the latest investigations by The U.S. Museum of the Holocaust. A range of methods were used, with many dying in gas chambers, firing squads or starvation. By late 1943, however, the German and Axis authorities recognized they were losing the war and had no time to continue counting. Murder of Polish Jews in Auschwitz began in March 1942. Despite discriminatory measures, some Romani (including some of Germany's Sinti and Lalleri) were spared deportation and death, with the remaining Romani groups suffering a fate similar to that of the Jews. Yehuda Bauer, an Israeli Holocaust scholar who chairs the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, said he warned his friend Wiesenthal, who died in 2005, about spreading the false. January 24, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781. Rachel Avraham with Rabbi Shmuel Simantov at the rally in front of the UN headquarters in Vienna, Austria, Feb. 26, 2023. (2005). The European Jewish population was reduced from 9,740,000 to 3,642,000; the world's Jewish population was reduced by one-third, from roughly 16.6 million in 1939 to about 11 million in 1946. Thousands of peasant villages across Russia, Belarus and Ukraine were annihilated by German troops. but they openly deny the Holocaust to ridicule Israel and the Jewish people . The same is true about estimates per country. Elie Wiesel (Foreward), Kindle Edition, Indiana University Press, May 22, 2009. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945: crossing boundaries. The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences. Some of them were wealthy and some of them were poor. The Holocaust was the period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically persecuted and murdered millions of Jews and other innocent people. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. Of the Americans over the age of 18 who were polled, only 53% knew that 6 million Jews died in the Shoah. [45] According to the U.S. Any group which did not match the behaviour of the prescribed norms was targeted and subjected, often to torture and death. About 197 thousand Jews were deported there in 1942, about 270 thousand the following year, and over 600 thousand in 1944, for a total of almost 1.1 million. Kathy Hochul signed a legislative package last summer, debate over whether such efforts are effective. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country. (Some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks). In many Nazis' minds, Jews and communists were inseparable. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. After their 1939 invasion of Poland, the Nazis instituted a policy of murdering (or suppressing) the ethnic-Polish elite (including Catholic religious leaders). edition, Holmes & Meier, September 1, 1985. [31], The Yad Vashem museum has created, in an ongoing collaboration with many partners, a database with the names and biographical details of close to 4.8 of the 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis and their accomplices during the Holocaust, as well as those whose fate has yet to be determined. Sources: U.S. The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. The Auschwitz experience in the art of prisoners, The extermination procedure in the gas chambers. A native of Sighet, Transylvania (Romania, from 1940-1945 Hungary). It is estimated that 500,000 Jews died in the ghettos of disease and starvation. Altogether some 1700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them did not survive their imprisonment. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan Pub. There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. The Museum is in the process of gathering written records and oral testimony to fully tell the story of what happened in Ukraine during the Holocaust. . Ultimately, 45 percent of the 10,971 Americans surveyed by Pew correctly answered that roughly 6 million Jewish people died during the Holocaust. In addition to approximately 6 million Jews killed, the Axis killed around 5.7 million non-Jewish Soviet citizens, around 3 million non-Jewish Soviet prisoners of war, 300,000 Serb citizens, around 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions, and around 300,000 Roma (Gypsies). In June 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Germans began to imprison the rest of Polish Jewry in ghettos and to deport them to concentration and slave labor camps. "Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country." When attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust, the single most important thing to keep in mind is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. World War 2 has long remained one of the most popular settings for video games, but very few have touched on the full atrocities of the Nazis--not just to enemy soldiers, but to innocent civilians, primarily Jews, who were systematically murdered until 1945. A . Freund, who was the first to hold the Bertram and Gladys Aaron Endowed Professorship in Jewish Studies at Christopher Newport University, died in July at the age of 67. [] and I admit freely that their past history is superior to our own. The poll, which surveyed a pool of 1,004 nationally representative respondents over the age of 18, was conducted on behalf of the AJC by research firm SSRS and had a margin of error of +/-3.8% with a 95% confidence level. The first tribunal tried 22 political and military leaders of the Third Reich, except forAdolf Hitler,Heinrich Himmler andJoseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide several months before. Materials. [102], Hans Frank said in 1940, "Poles may have only one mastera German. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. This was sometimes cold and deliberate murder of individuals (as with Jews), sometimes generalised brutality and neglect German soldiers' letters and memoirs reveal their terrible reasoning: Slavs were 'the Asiatic-Bolshevik' horde, an inferior but threatening race. In 1943, the Germans had established a weather station in what is now Canada's Newfoundland and Labrador province. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. What Is Totalitarianism? The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah - which means "destruction" in Hebrew - is a genocide that was carried out largely during World War II, as Jews were targeted among other groups. All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. 40% Of Germans Think Jews Talk About The Holocaust Too Much, CNN Poll In Europe Shows How Little People Know About The Holocaust, An illustrated edition of an anonymous Yiddish poem about the Purim story. Romani were deported to the Jewish ghettos, were shot by SS Einsatzgruppen in their villages, or deported and gassed in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka. Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. At least 91 people were murdered. What they did have in common was that all of them had at least one Jewish grandparent, which was how the Nazis defined who was Jewish. In occupied Poland, Nazi Germany imposed the death penalty on those found sheltering (or aiding) Jews. Homosexuals in the Holocaust Return to Witnesses Homosexuals in the Holocaust faced a disturbing reality, as an estimated 500,000 were killed. After death, their bodieswere either dumped into a mass grave or cremated. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed . Between 1941 and 1945, approximately three million Ukrainian and other gentiles were murdered as part of Nazi extermination policies in present-day Ukraine. Disease and exhaustion also ravaged camps, while death marches were also commonplace. Please use Chrome, Safari, Firefox, or Edge to view this site. [106], The Nazis claimed that high-degree Masons were willing members of "the Jewish conspiracy" and Freemasonry was a cause of Germany's defeat in World War I. Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA) records indicate the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. Put another way, the Holocaust was not only the murder of the Jews who were living then, it also prevented Jewish marriages and births from happening in the future. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. In other camps, the death rate was lowered from 1943 in an effort to conserve the labor force. Albania Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200Deaths: unknown Austria Jewish population of Austriain 1938: 185,026 Deaths: 65,459 Belgium [57] One copy of that recordwas captured by the U.S. Army in 1945. The train tracks leading to Birkenau, the extermination camp at Auschwitz. . The genocide sent shockwaves across the globe with many memorials and movies dedicated to the horrific events. Twenty-nine per cent of Dutch people believed that two million or fewer Jews were killed, a number that rises to 37 per cent of millennials and Generation Z. . In Belgium and France, a large percentage of the Jews were immigrants from Eastern Europe and refugees who had come from Germany in the 1930s. Thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues were attacked and destroyed, while it ramped up additional rules as they were barred from most occupations. The names of more than one million victims remain unknown and are still being collected.[32]. But theres debate over whether such efforts are effective. Survivors struggled to return home - having lost many friends, family members and neighbours. He can be reached at [emailprotected]or on Twitter as @AdamJKovac. [86] Of 2,720 clergy imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority (94.88 percent) were Catholic. [15], The Nazis promoted xenophobia and racism against all "non-Aryan" races. See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs. About 375,000 people were sterilized against their will due to their disabilities. It is a grave mistake to focus exclusively on the immediate loss and to ignore the loss of what would have been expected under normal circumstances. To republish, copy the HTML by clicking on the yellow button to the right; it includes our tracking pixel, all paragraph styles and hyperlinks, the author byline and credit to the Forward. The Nazis systematically dismantled the church, arresting its leaders, exiling its clergy and closing its churches, monasteries and convents. If you would prefer to watch the story, Luc Bernard has provided a full playthrough, which is embedded above. In addition, as the Allies began to close in on Germany, the Nazis began to destroy their records. Coming out of the 1920's which was a more open time for homosexuals in the Weimar Republic, that gave way to the brutality of the 1930's and the Holocaust to come. Our schools are failing. In Poland home of Europe's largest Jewish community before the war the Nazis murdered 3.3million Jews, or 90percent of its Jewish population. The two most reliable sources for Holocaust data are the U.S. ], According to their eugenics policy, the Nazis believed that the disabled were a burden to society because they needed care and were considered an affront to their notion of a society composed of a perfect race. In the Czech lands, religious orders were suppressed, schools closed, religious instruction forbidden and priests sent to concentration camps. 6 million is just the Jewish people who were killed. Collections. "Jewish Losses During the Holocaust: By Country." Between 1942 and 1943, the Nazis did attempt to compile statistics for their final solution. In January 1942, during the Wannsee Conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (Endlsung der Judenfrage) and German State Secretary Josef Bhler urged conference chairman Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the Final Solution in the General Government. Levy, Sznaider; Daniel, Natan. "The Destruction of European Jews." He is known as "the poet of the Holocaust.". Holocaust, Hebrew Shoah ("Catastrophe"), Yiddish and Hebrew urban ("Destruction"), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. View the list of all donors. The holocaust memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe is a simple but moving site to reflect on the horrors the National Socialist's inflicted on an entire religious community ove [34] The six million Jewish, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles represented nearly 17 percent of the country's population. Defining Jews as the chief enemy, Nazi racial ideology was also used to persecute other minorities. John S. Conway; The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 19331945; Regent College Publishing; 2001; Evans, Richard J. [59], Those with disabilities were among the first to be murdered by the Nazis; according to the U.S. The church was especially harshly treated in annexed regions, such as Austria. [82][83][84] German clergy, nuns and lay leaders were also targeted after the Nazi takeover, leading to thousands of arrests over the following years. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the Holocaust was "the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators". How many people died during the Holocaust? . Developer Luc Bernard is attempting to change that with The Light in the Darkness, a free game focused on a Jewish family that, like so many others, were persecuted by the Nazis for no other reason than their ethnicity. . Hilberg, Raul. There were an additional 5 million other people also killed. After death, their bodies were either dumped into a mass grave or cremated. [89] They shut down the Catholic press, schools, political parties and youth groups in Germany amid murder and mass arrests. [24][25] The extermination of Jews had been a priority to the Nazis, regardless of the consequences.[26]. . Or think about Provence, a great place, I . Its second goal was to eliminate Slavs from Central and Eastern Europe and to create a Lebensraum for Aryans As Bartov (The Eastern Front; Hitler's Army) shows, it barbarised the German armies on the eastern front. (German National Archive/Wikimedia Commons) Children rescued from the Nazi camps arrive at the Atlit reception camp in Israel, July 1945. [90][91][92] In March 1937, Pope Pius XI issued his Mit brennender Sorge encyclical accusing the Nazi government of violating the 1933 concordat and sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church".[85]. How Many Deaths at Auschwitz? The same applied to Turks and all other "Ural-Altaic" peoples. The Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. The products discussed here were independently chosen by our editors. The atrocity largely took place between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933. The use of the images for commercial purposes requires the Museums approval and information about the publication. According to historians Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, the genocide of the Romani began later than that of the Jews and a smaller percentage was murdered. Key Facts 1 In many countries around the world denying the Holocaust is a criminal offense that can lead to lengthy imprisonment. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. [53] When the Nazis came to power, hundreds of African-German children, the offspring of German mothers and African soldiers brought in during the French occupation, lived in the Rhineland. [46], Soviet civilian populations in the occupied areas were severely persecuted and endured the treacherous conditions of the Eastern Front, which spawned atrocities such as the siege of Leningrad, when 1.2 million civilians died. Clergy imprisoned at Dachau: half of the Holocaust. & quot ; Nazi... From the Nazi camps arrive at a more precise understanding of events that before! As @ AdamJKovac top Image: Museum display with bullets and Human from. The people polled could not name a single concentration camp being inferior to ourselves to ourselves squads! Percent ) were Catholic, 2019, Washington, DC 45 percent of the images for commercial requires. Dachau, the extermination camp at Auschwitz Children rescued from the Nazi invasion of the images for commercial requires. Donald L. 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