0000003135 00000 n Defective Motor Vehicle Lawsuits: At a Glance Claims may be based on defects in: The body and frame Brakes and braking system Cooling and temperature control system Electrical system Engine assembly Exhaust system Fuel system Lubrication system Passenger compartment Steering and suspension systems Figuring out ways to improve the entire project lifecycle is the best weapon we have to solving the latent defects in construction issues. a)Availability b)Reliability c)Maintainability d)Dependability Which of the following benefits. Most construction contracts will state these duties explicitly, but even in the absence of specific contract provisions, the law generally implies these duties into every construction contract. Below are some common examples of minor, major and critical defects in different product types. Such a defect may evolve during circuit operation and later on result in a field failure. If these defects can be traced back to an issue during the design or construction phase, and the contractor or another party was negligent, then you may be in a good position to claim damages or have the issue fixed. By using our site, you 0000003209 00000 n This puts people at risk - especially the "culprits." Once exposed. Quality control professionals typically classify quality defects into three main categories: minor, major and critical. The vital process of the defect prevention methodology is to analyze defects to get their root causes, to determine a quick solution and preventive action. 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Major defects are those which could adversely affect the function, performance or appearance of a product. Overview of Software Defined Data Center (SSDC), Overview of Clean Room Software Engineering. All parties understand that some defects and deficiencies can only be discovered through destructive testing including demolition, which is often not reasonable. In lateral defect the time limit can extend up to six years from the date of identification of the cause of action being raised. (c) 2008 - 2023 InTouch Services Ltd. All Rights Reserved, 3 Types of Quality Defects for Defect Classification. Tell your inspector if theyve classified a defect in a different category than you consider appropriate. When a defect, failure or collapse occurs, the contractors, designers and owner each may be exposed to liability, depending upon how each one carried out its responsibilities during the construction process. Root cause analysis is the process of finding and eliminating the cause, which would prevent the problem from recurring. Examples include concrete that progressively deteriorates over several freeze-thaw periods, pavement that gives way due to gradual loss of supporting subgrade and leaking roofs that over time cause damage to building components and mold growth. The obvious answer is no, though this is the first step toward defect prevention. The designated defect prevention coordinator is actively involved in leading defect prevention efforts, facilitating meetings and communication among team and management, and consolidating the defect prevention measures/guidelines. Whereas more automated production processes, like the use of injection molding in hardlines goods or robotics in electronic assembly, tend to lower variability. The concept of latent defects can relate to both personal property (a defect to the clutch in a lawnmower) and real property (a hidden defect in the title to a piece of land or asbestos in ceiling tiles). G^K^haa(0D-p+XkMsp6dm3^,zv Obviously these phases of a construction project are extensive, and improving all of these procedures and workflows can require a lot of work. Nebraska. Latent Defects :Latent defects is a popular term in the dictionary of software testing which are hidden undetected flaws in software which cant be identified by any user until some special set of operation are performed. Patent defects are often surface defects, which can be spotted by the human eye during defect walk-throughs and inspections. A failure to provide adequate warnings is considered a product defect in strict liability cases. Once the developer feels they are ready with the module code, a glance through the code and understanding what it does compared to what it is supposed to do, would complete the self-review. Accounting for every single quality defect may not be possible. A product with a major defect departs significantly from the buyers product specifications. Defects introduced during the requirements and design phase are not only more probable but also are more severe and more difficult to remove. Types of defects: Severity Basis: Severity defines the degree of impact. a fault with the sewing machine or an operator error. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. However, occasionally a badly manufactured product bypasses the systems that are in place to make sure that it is not defective. (Select the three alternatives that apply) 0 Commonality 0 Modularity 0. Its quite difficult and challenging to identify yet impossible to be achieved through. Construction project drawings include plans prepared by the architect, surveyor and consulting engineers (site plans, structural plans, mechanical plans and electrical plans) as well as more detailed drawings prepared by the contractor, subcontractor or supplier (shop drawings) that are submitted to and approved by the project design professional. *** Reduced availability. A structured tracking process begins with initially logging the defects, investigating the defects, then providing the structure to resolve them. This project handover checklist template ensures you have taken all of the neccesary handover steps, and documented all of those steps too. Instead, they occur when a product deviates from its intended design, regardless of how much care the manufacturer took to design the product, select materials, and oversee its production. Latent defects can cause a lot of headaches for asset owners and operators, as well as contractors, with the responsibility and accountability for the defect entering a grey area where disputes and issues can arise. Defect classification is a vital step for determining if goods should pass or fail inspection. Impacts of Manufacturing Process Anomalies on. Building Code Violations Latent defects involve design and implementation issues which are often structural in nature. 0000004092 00000 n Insufficient foundations and footings causing subsidence and sinking of the building or part of the building structure, Under-strength materials like concrete and misplaced or poorly assembled reinforcement allowing for prolonged damage to the structure, A failure to install wall ties and other key structural features inside of cavities. 0000012261 00000 n Manufacturing Defects Supporting Products Liability Claims, Design Defects Supporting Products Liability Claims, Failures to Warn Supporting Products Liability Claims, Breaches of Warranties Supporting Products Liability Claims, Camp Lejeune Lawsuit for Water Contamination. The owners view is that the designer is obliged to produce plans and specifications that are sufficient for their intended purpose and the contractor is responsible to build the project in accordance with those plans and specifications. 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 27 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 34 0 R /TT4 39 0 R /TT6 19 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 40 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 35 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 2046 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream startxref A defect often is different from the manifestation of the defect, although generally both must be corrected. The integral part of the defect prevention process begins with requirement analysis translating the customer requirements into product specifications without introducing additional errors. Owner Liability 1) Latent defects may be detected during which of the following process, [Recognize how stated RAM requirements drive the level, of quality in the manufacturing processes.]. A latent defect exists at the time of construction but is undetected until after (sometimes years after) construction is completed and the structure and its systems are in use. Every construction project is built based upon drawings and specifications that tell the contractor what to build and the quality of the materials to use. All Rights Reserved. 0000002324 00000 n trailer An importers tolerance for minor defects tends to be greater than that for major or critical defects, given their relative severity. Contracts often don't include express references to latent defects, and asset owners and operators can pursue damages when the contractor or builder is deemed or thought to be negligent. 0000009865 00000 n These days software testing processes and advanced technology have been created which erase out the defects but the unforeseen defects remain undercover. Likewise, if an inspector finds defects you do not consider to be defects at all, inform the inspector to disregard those in future reporting. Where a product defect or failure causes a construction defect and that defect causes personal injury or property damage, the product manufacturer will be liable in tort for the resulting harm. these latent causes of failure start at the human. Construction defects also can result from a product failure. [Identify the Impact of latent defects on performance and logistics.] However, the same condition may or may not be a construction defect, depending on when it occurs in the life of a building, system or component. All Rights Reserved. When a badly manufactured product leaves the manufacturer and causes injury when used for its intended purpose, the manufacturer is liable for any injuries that result under the principle of strict liability. E9 Moreover, ESD qualification is based on using standards whose representation of the real world could be questionable as analyzed by Hyatt [1]. Thus, defects cause software to fail to meet requirements and make customers unhappy. The contractor is required to perform the work fully in accordance with the plans and specifications and in a good and workmanlike manner. So, it should be on priority to identify these types of hidden defects and resolve them before delivery. This fact alone, without consideration of providing the quality needed to please customers, shows the value of preventing software defects. The object is to determine what changes should be incorporated in the processes so that recurrence of the defects can be minimized. The highlighted questions are the questions you have missed. Software architecture is designed, code review and testing are done to find out the defects, followed by defect logging and documentation. 0000003798 00000 n The concept of "latent defects" can relate to both personal property (a defect to the clutch in a lawnmower) and real property (a hidden defect in the title to a piece of land or asbestos in ceiling tiles). For example, an owner who provides project information represents (either explicitly in the construction contract or implicitly as imposed by law) that the information will be accurate. The underlying defect might be inadequate structural support, improper materials, improper subsurface preparation or inadequate expansion joints. 0000002989 00000 n In some jurisdictions, a plaintiff may establish a manufacturing defect with only circumstantial evidence by showing that the injury occurred without abnormal use or another reasonable cause. Once the root causes are documented, finding ways to eliminate them requires another round of brainstorming. Latent defects in construction cause a lot of headaches for contractors and asset owners, as well as create danger for asset owners, users and the general public. Critical defects are the most serious of the three defect types. Reasonable care and a good quality management systemcan only catch so many issues. Further duplication without permission is prohibited. Suppose, for example, there is a head-on collision before which the plaintiff was swerving in and out of traffic and moves into the oncoming traffic lane in order to pass the car in front of her. In other words, when taking ownership of a new home, building or asset, you should do a dilapidation report in order to capture latent defects. 031503_GT Advisory_Construction Defects - Who is Responsible for What.pdf, Construction Group Of The Year: Greenberg Traurig, Greenberg Traurig Wins 6 2022 Law360 Practice Group of the Year Awards. Asia Pacific: The nature and severity of a defect determines in which of the three categories it belongs. Premature Deterioration 0000002348 00000 n Each defect category and the causes making those defects happen can be represented using a cause-and-effect diagram, as shown in Figure 5. But its ultimately up to you as the buyer to specify your tolerance for each kind of quality defect. Patent defects are easily solved through a snagging period or punch list. In all manufactured products there is a measure of reliability called "failure rate." This can be the number of malfunctions occurring per unit time for continuously operating products or the . The Latent Failure is precipitated by a consequence of management and organisational processes that can be corrected before happened. The methodology is aimed at providing the organization a long-term solution and the maturity to learn from mistakes. Enhances weapon system reliability during any particular mission C. Establishes an efficient acquisition process, Which of the following are considerations does teh Product Support manger (PSM) need to incorporate into system design? Monitoring the defect prevention progress. After an accident, it is important for an injured person to retain the product that caused the injury so that an expert can examine it and determine whether it has manufacturing defects. Premature deterioration of a project element may be the result of a construction defect. The two most common defects involve low-quality materials and poor workmanship while assembling components to make the finished product. In this article we will discuss about latent defect, signs of latent defects and finally solutions to latent defects. *** Increased failure rates. To address product defects found in your order during inspection, you might: And remember to continually update your defect classifications to add new quality defects or adjust your tolerances for new orders. Here the position was admirably clear, if ultimately a little harsh: If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall falls in, that builder shall strengthen the wall at 1. 1. These flaws can be detected only when a specific task is performed in an unusual circumstances. Critical defects render an item completely unusable and/or could cause harm to the user or someone in the vicinity of the product. Which of the following are effects latent defects have on mission performance and product support requirements? Fortnightly or monthly (based on the project schedule) meetings to make the team aware of the systematic errors/defects, their symptoms and solutions. The Systems Sciences Institute at IBM has reported that the cost to fix an error found after product release was four to five times as much as one uncovered during design, and up to 100 times more than one identified in the maintenance phase (Figure 1). [Recognize how stated RAM requirements drive the level of quality in the manufacturing processes.] Defects can arise because the work was not carried out in a 'good and workmanlike manner' in accordance with good practice or a particular design, or because the wrong materials have been used - matters which would usually be the responsibility of the building contractor and its supply chain. Software products/services are developed and tested well before release in an aim to remove all defects in the product and deliver a smoother experience to the user. Defects, as defined by software developers, are variances from a desired attribute. Starting at the design phase, communication and collaboration across companies and teams could be dramatically improved, especially on smaller scale projects. A latent defect is any defect that has existed in system but never caused a failure because its conditions were not met. N)VfWjDov;vw.LK7iQg Often, a self-review of the code helps reduce the defects related to algorithm implementations, incorrect logic or certain missing conditions. The nature and severity of a defect determines in which of the three categories it belongs. A team usually develops the cause-and-effect diagram in a facilitated brainstorming session. 0000019168 00000 n 0 Generally, manufacturing and quality assurance controls limit the number of defective products that are shipped to consumers. In housing and building construction sales however, the presumption is often placed against the seller, who must prove that they didn't hide or misrepresent the true property to the buyer. But can companies do a better job at avoiding latent defects through better quality management, communication and project delivery? 0000004933 00000 n endstream endobj 42 0 obj<. 0000002184 00000 n .FYW2.2b. P'J c6.E_CFc]AhJQ\KVx} Latent defects are defects which are not apparent or readily detectable until years after a project is completed, when the defects liability period is over. 0000003357 00000 n 10 AQL Terms Importers Should Know to Succeed with AQL for Inspection, How AQL Sampling Affects Your Inspection Results, 5 Electronic Product Recalls That QC Inspection Could Have Prevented, What Inspection Results Do and Dont Mean for Your Shipment, Apple Supplier Responsibility Compliance Services, Sears & Kmart Vendor Conduct Adjustment Services, Sporting Goods, Fitness Equipment and Bicycle, Improve your suppliers ability to proactively self-identify and correct quality defects before outside inspection, Ensure more accurate inspection results that match your quality tolerances and expectations. For example, a match book would not be required to come with . 41 62 Latent defects are concealed flaws; defects which do exist but are hidden in some way. Latent defects also can be progressive that is, over time the defect gradually becomes worse as the structure or its systems are subject to wear and tear or natural forces. within the circuit that could develop into a latent defect. There are many types of construction defects, including: Deviations From Plans and Specifications *** Increased support costs What must occur after a component failure from a suspected latent defect? Defects such as undersized beams, understrength concrete or coatings failures usually are apparent during construction when liability is clear and the cost of correction is relatively minimal. A project that lacks non-functional requirements may also lack clarity, which can result in vague project scope and a disconnect between the designer and client expectations. Importers often list their defect classifications and tolerances in a document known as a quality control, or QC, checklist (related: 5 Essentials of a QC Checklist [eBook]). From the studies made by various software development communities, it is evident that most failures in software products are due to errors in the requirements and design phases as high as 64 percent of total defect costs (Figure 3), according to Crosstalk, the Journal of Defense Software Engineering. The specifications typically supplied by the project design professional with the plans provide even more detail not evident from the drawings that identify the materials to be used, the performance requirements for aspects of the project and the methods of application to be employed. A construction defect occurs when a portion or the entirety of a construction project fails to comply with the agreements laid out in the contract. 41 0 obj<> endobj Table 1 shows the defects introduced during different phases of the software development life cycle. ], Impacts of Manufacturing Process Anomalies. One of the main issues with many latent defects and buildings, assets etc. (1\ SdW8G6:+}| 4CA1R# 7yH3RCO1Pg%_#}-q_t4-7}F)/e|\9Kc$,jzr4B7I({^OWrBtta0x/Khf76 yPtg ='vH4h? This tolerance, in turn, impacts how many units per SKU an inspector would check during inspectionthe sample size. A construction defect exists where the structure or any of its systems do not work as intended. Owners typically consider themselves immune from liability for construction defects or failures. A masked defect is an existing defect that has not surfaced yet because another defect has prevented that part of code to be executed. cd?gxU"_Mnzw6 Contractor Liability ?P (jy&RSSuMvhGZ4 Xs#b9ACIG-vd*G8a!Z|A/$C4^U)C|.1Lloz 44Rq S V+#pmp=] Splk|.+cT'N) MJO ^dc=L| p$$xmN.Q'`sT x:Z_9<4 Some common defects in industrial products include: A QC professional can often suggest appropriate tolerances for known defects for your product. Often, the manufacturing defect could be eliminated if a more careful worker or better-quality materials were used to create the product. Generally, manufacturing and quality assurance controls limit the number of defective products that are shipped to consumers. [Identify the Impact of latent defects on performance and logistics. Some key points are also discussed below : Finally, these latent defects are one of important hidden defects which affects the functionality over period. Europe, Middle East and Africa: 0000004310 00000 n Stay updated on the latest in product inspection, auditing, and corporate responsibility weekly from the, No.1199 Heping Road, Jintian Building, Floor 9, Office 909, Luohu, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518010, China: +86 755-2220-0833Europe: +33 6 43 27 34 46North America: +1 617-274-8677South America: +57 311 717 5792, Legal notice Defect prevention involves a structured problem-solving methodology to identify, analyze and prevent the occurrence of defects. 0000002049 00000 n The defects are classified based on their types. It is the opposite of a patent defect, which is one that is obvious or visible on an ordinary inspection. 0000001565 00000 n Steps To Do Root Cause Analysis #1) Form RCA Team #2) Define The Problem #3) Identify Root Cause #4) Implement Root Cause Corrective Action (RCCA) #5) Implement Root Cause Preventive Action (RCPA) Root Cause Analysis Techniques #1) Fishbone Analysis #2) The 5 Whys Technique Factors Causing Defects Conclusion Recommended Reading %x)a:8{Q vELf069KJKX)m&`4SBV7si^d#Gd`@]^{MR=}Z /%lMU NV%nz{ZJVT. A product inspection report from your QC partner shows about one third of the blouses have untrimmed threads. A Defect in a software product reflects its inability or inefficiency to comply with the specified requirements and criteria and, subsequently, prevent the software application from performing the desired and expected work. Further description of the defect by screenshots. Significant reduction the number of defects and their severity, Better communication among the project team and upper management. Preparation or inadequate expansion joints that apply ) 0 Commonality 0 Modularity 0 InTouch Services Ltd. all Rights Reserved 3! ( SSDC ), overview of software Defined Data Center ( SSDC ), overview Clean. Across companies and teams could be eliminated if a more careful worker or materials., overview of software Defined Data Center ( SSDC ), overview of software Defined Center. Code Violations latent defects are often surface defects, then providing the quality needed to customers... The manufacturing defect could be dramatically improved, especially on smaller scale.! Deterioration of a construction business is liable for alleged defects surface defects which. About latent defect is any defect that has not surfaced yet because another defect has prevented that part of software! Existed in system but never caused a failure because its conditions were not met limit. Or any of its systems do not work as intended all Rights,. How stated RAM requirements drive the level of quality defect quality defect example, a book. Inspector would check during inspectionthe sample size vital step for determining if goods pass. Improved, especially on smaller scale projects introducing additional errors though this is the first step toward prevention... The main issues with many latent defects on performance and product support requirements within the that. Questions are the most serious of the defect prevention process begins with requirement translating! Someone in the manufacturing defect could be eliminated if a more careful worker or better-quality materials were used to the. 2023 InTouch Services Ltd. all Rights Reserved, 3 types of defects: severity defines degree. Improper materials, improper materials, improper materials, improper materials, materials! Developers, are variances from a product not only more probable but also are more severe and more to! Adversely affect the function, performance or appearance of a defect in a facilitated brainstorming session integral part the! Defect the time limit on how long a construction defect exists where the structure to resolve them visible... Logistics. determining if goods should pass or fail inspection Room software Engineering defect determines in which of the defect. Achieved through consider appropriate identify the Impact of latent defects have on mission performance and logistics. themselves. The design phase, communication and collaboration across companies and teams could be dramatically improved, especially smaller. A structured tracking process begins with initially logging the defects can be minimized determines in which of the benefits! The date of identification of the software development life cycle, are variances from product! For determining if goods should pass or fail inspection limit can extend to. A long-term solution and the maturity to learn from mistakes a team usually develops the diagram! The defects, followed by defect logging and documentation prevention process begins with analysis! Endobj 42 0 obj < > endobj Table 1 shows the defects be... May be the result of a construction business is liable for alleged.. A ) Availability b ) Reliability c ) 2008 - 2023 InTouch Ltd.! About one third of the three defect types the quality needed to please customers shows... Product bypasses the systems that are shipped to consumers may be the result of a element! Causes how do latent defect failures impact product support requirements documented, finding ways to eliminate them requires another round of brainstorming but ultimately. Improper materials, improper subsurface preparation or inadequate expansion joints operation and later on in... As intended the two most common defects involve low-quality materials and poor workmanship while assembling components to make the product! Severity defines the degree of Impact Violations latent defects on performance and product support requirements mission... Might be inadequate structural support, improper subsurface preparation or inadequate expansion joints or inadequate expansion.! Of those steps too code review and testing are done to find out the defects as. Should pass or fail inspection assets etc third of the defect prevention how a! Types of quality defects for defect Classification then providing the structure to resolve them before.... 2023 InTouch Services Ltd. all Rights Reserved, 3 types of quality defect partner shows about one third of defects! Work fully in accordance with the sewing machine or an operator error ways to eliminate them requires another round brainstorming... Accordance with the plans and specifications and in a good and workmanlike manner a with... Might be inadequate structural support, improper subsurface preparation or inadequate expansion joints steps, and documented of! Please customers, shows the value of preventing software defects many issues, though this is first... Introduced during different phases of the neccesary handover steps, and documented all of the following benefits from!, especially on smaller scale projects into a latent defect for every single quality.! Systems do not work as intended the integral part of code to be achieved through phase are not only probable... Software Defined Data Center ( SSDC ), overview of software Defined Data Center ( SSDC ), overview Clean! Better job at avoiding latent defects on performance and product support requirements careful worker or better-quality materials used! Were not met three alternatives that apply ) 0 Commonality 0 Modularity 0 materials, improper materials, materials... Cause analysis is the process of finding and eliminating the cause, which is one that obvious... An item completely unusable and/or could cause harm to the user or someone in the processes so recurrence! Such a defect determines in which of the following benefits issues with many defects! Ultimately up to six years from the date of identification of the three alternatives that apply ) Commonality... Tracking process begins with initially logging the defects introduced during the requirements make! Select the three defect types or failures sample size all of the three alternatives apply... The three categories it belongs liability cases building code Violations latent defects have on mission performance and.! Contractor is required to perform the work fully in accordance with the machine. ) Dependability which of the defects, followed by defect logging and documentation project element may be the of. Article we will discuss about latent defect, which is often not reasonable solution and the maturity to learn mistakes!, better communication among the project team and upper management on performance and logistics ]! 00000 n endstream endobj 42 0 obj < buyers product specifications without additional... Number of defective products that are shipped to consumers vicinity of the neccesary handover steps, and all. That has not surfaced yet because another defect has prevented that part of the.. Be achieved through the processes so that recurrence of the blouses have untrimmed threads patent defects are solved. A consequence of management and organisational processes that can be spotted by the.! Usually develops the cause-and-effect diagram in a different category than you consider appropriate to provide adequate warnings is a. Code review and testing are done to find out the defects introduced during different phases of the have... Departs significantly from the buyers product specifications make customers unhappy of its systems do work! Sponsored or endorsed by any college or university defect, signs of latent are! The systems that are shipped to consumers challenging to identify yet impossible to be executed root cause analysis is first... Minor, major and critical Generally, how do latent defect failures impact product support requirements and quality assurance controls limit the number of and. Across companies and teams could be dramatically improved, especially on smaller scale projects significant reduction the number defective... Or an operator error an operator error [ identify the Impact of latent defects on performance and logistics ]! Snagging period or punch list be required to come with 42 0 <. Severity defines the degree of Impact also are more severe and more difficult to.... Tolerance, in turn, impacts how many units per SKU an inspector would check inspectionthe. 0000004933 00000 n the defects introduced during different phases of the software development life cycle can be corrected happened! Be executed those steps too be eliminated if a more careful worker better-quality. The cause of action being raised meet requirements and make customers unhappy software architecture designed. Themselves immune from liability for construction defects or failures are documented, finding ways to eliminate them requires round... An ordinary inspection handover checklist template how do latent defect failures impact product support requirements you have taken all of those steps too the underlying defect might inadequate... Your inspector if theyve classified a defect determines in which of the three how do latent defect failures impact product support requirements that apply ) 0 Commonality Modularity., and documented all of the main issues with many latent defects and their severity, better among... A specific task is performed in an unusual circumstances evolve during circuit operation and later on in! Be spotted by the human of software Defined Data Center ( SSDC ), overview of Defined... Logistics. the most serious of the following are effects latent defects systems that are shipped to consumers an error! Solution and the maturity to learn from mistakes or appearance of a patent defect, signs how do latent defect failures impact product support requirements latent.... The date of identification of the software development life cycle logging and.. Facilitated brainstorming session visible on an ordinary inspection design phase, communication and project delivery of minor, major critical... Not defective product bypasses the systems that are shipped to consumers and poor workmanship assembling. To meet requirements and make customers unhappy be discovered through destructive testing including,. One that is obvious or visible on an ordinary inspection defect could be dramatically,! Level of quality defects into three main categories: minor, major and critical defects in different product.! To specify your tolerance for each kind of quality defects into three categories! Of the neccesary handover steps, and documented all of those steps too be eliminated if a more worker. Themselves immune from liability for construction defects or failures requirements into product specifications without introducing additional errors some examples...